Lex et Scientia International Journal

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Latest documents

• Implications of Cjeu Jurisprudence on the Delimitation of Working Time by Rest Time in the Collaborative Economy

  The specificity of the collaborative economy has raised a number of issues with regard to the qualification of legal relationships between workers, final beneficiaries and the online platform that mediates the provision of work, respectively whether between the platform and the worker there is an employment relationship or there is a commercial relationship between the platform, self-employees and consumers. In particular, the question arises whether, in the case of these workers, the working time regulations apply and, if so, how they can be applied in concrete manner. The article contains an analysis on how some principles derived from the CJEU case law can be used to determine whether and under what conditions workers in the collaborative economy can benefit from protection by limiting working time and how can work time be delimited by rest time in their case, given the specificity of their work condition, in order to ensure an effective protection.

• The Legal Difficulties Generated by the Alteration of the Provisions Regarding the Hearing of Witnesses by the Court Within the Civil Procedural Code

  Since Law no. 310/2018 has altered the legal provisions of the Civil procedural code regarding the way in which witness testimony is to be obtained, a certain number of difficulties have been generated due to the fact that the actual hearing of witnesses has to occur in a radically different manner, thus imposing on the court some obligations which may prove troublesome in the future. The paper aims to establish some proper practices, in terms of ensuring for all parties a fair trial whilst also abiding by the new legal solutions.

• The Effect of Traditional and Modern Policies on Termination of Employment Contract

  This paper is looking for the best model of articulating termination rules of employment contract by referring to the most popular policies on this regard. Meanwhile, it tests how the provisions of such policies affect termination rules in terms of rigidity and flexibility. An acceptable degree of rigidity and flexibility of termination rules can be tested based on the possibility of combination between the basic argumentations of job security policy and what has been promoted by labour market flexibility in a new era. The policy of job security in regards to the termination of employment has taken a various forms. One form is termination costs including severance pay, notice periods for employees and compensation for dismissal based on the seniority. From an individual perspective, it is crucial for employees to be protected from the employers’ arbitrariness, while, from an economic perspective, the rate of employment and job turnover can be affected negatively. A balance, then, is needed by reducing the degree of job security provisions to an acceptable level according to the policy of flexibility in the labour market.

• Social Dimension of the EU ? the Pillar's Impact on European Labour Law

  Over the past decades, the world of work has been changed. The concept of flexicurity was to provide answers to the challenges that arised. What has happened with security in the European Labour Law, what can be discerned as the European Pillar of Social Rights has been adopted? How has the social dimension of the EU been altered? The article attempts to give an overview of the Pillar from a point of view, according to which the Pillar is an employment model and a social and labour market program in itself.

• Personal Data Protection Issue Reflected in the Case-law of the Constitutional Court of Romania

  Over the past few years, data privacy became more and more an issue that stirred on European level lots of debates and determined the adoption of a new set of rules, imposed with the compulsory force of a European regulation. Thus, the EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) replaced the Data Protection Directive 95/46/EC and reshaped the way the data are managed in various fields of activity. In Romania, the Constitutional Court had to bring light over important areas that involved the use of personal data and developed a relevant case-law regarding the concordance with the essential standards implied by the protection of private life enshrined both in the Romanian Basic Law and in the European Convention on Human Rights. The paper intends to depict the main challenges that faced the constitutional review and the measure that the Romanian vision over this problem is consistent with the European landmarks set in this field.

• Comparison Between the Legal Particularities of Romania's and the United Kingdom's Membership of the European Union

  Since its early accession to the European Economic Community (the predecessor of the European Union), the United Kingdom has, at times, shown itself reluctant to fully integrate and adopt the acquis communautaire. The UK has chosen to negotiate several opt-outs – more than any other Member State – regarding certain EU policies, with notable examples being the Monetary Union and the Schengen Agreement. Despite being granted such exemptions, the UK has remained a more sceptical member of the EU and has become the first to ever invoke the applicability of Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union, starting the process of withdrawal from the organisation. According to the terms provided by Article 50, the completion of said process should take place in the first half of 2019, coinciding with the rotating Presidency of the Council being taken over by Romania, who only joined the EU in 2007. Its legal standing is noticeably different compared to that of the UK: Romania’s participation in the aforementioned EU policies, which the UK has opted out of, is mandatory, but conditioned by the fulfilment of specific criteria. Romania is also, alongside Bulgaria, the object of certain safeguard measures designed to address the specific issues faced by the two states. The purpose of this article is to compare certain legal particularities that characterise Romania’s and the United Kingdom’s membership of the EU, and to determine their consequences with regard to each of the two states’ relationship with the organisation, as well as to the complex position the EU finds itself in during the first half of 2019.

• The Precautionary Principle's strong Concept in the Case law of the Constitutional Court of Hungary

  The present article focuses on the application and interpretation of the precautionary principle by the Constitutional Court of Hungary, especially concentrating on Decision 13/2018. (IX.4.) of the Constitutional Court of Hungary, in which the Constitutional Court of Hungary developed a considerably strong concept of the precautionary principle. In this article, the so-called strong concept of the precautionary principle in the case law of the Constitutional Court of Hungary means that the proper implementation of the precautionary principle is a strict condition for the Hungarian lawmakers. Namely, if the Hungarian lawmakers (e.g. parliament, government, ministers) do not take the precautionary principle into account in an appropriate way during the adoption of a legal provision, this situation shall cause a lack of conformity with the Hungarian constitution (i.e. the so-called Fundamental Law) and the Constitutional Court of Hungary shall annul the affected legal provision. In this article, the case law of the Constitutional Court of Hungary is assessed in the context of the genesis and development of the precautionary principle at international, European and Hungarian levels.

• The Size and the Importance of the Evidence Governed During the Prosecution in Rem

  The jurisdiction developed on the edge of the implementation of the provisions of Code of Criminal Procedure, relating to the verification of the legality of the referral to the court, the legality of the management of evidences and documents of the prosecution, has proved the fact that in front of the judges of preliminary chamber has come, not infrequently, the request of the exclusion of the evidences governed during the criminal prosecution in rem, on the ground that these evidences have been managed either in total or in the majority of them, at this stage absolutely secret of the criminal prosecution, even though the offender of the deed was known and in this way, the future suspect or charged, has been deprived of any realistic and concrete possibility to defend himself, to assist with the help of a lawyer in the management of theses evidences and to combat them by appropriate procedural means. This raises the question which is the size of the evidences that reasonably can be taken during the criminal proceedings in rem, thus the suspect/ defendant should not be harmed in his procedural rights, in particular with regard to his right of defence. To search for an answer to this matter, this is very present in the proceedings in front of the judge of preliminary chamber, legal provisions must be primarily examined that implicitly separates the criminal prosecution in rem from the moment of further performing of the prosecution towards a certain person.

• Prosecuting Charges for the Accomplishment of Certain Legal Activities. Protection, Guarantees and Limits in the Practice of the Lawyer Profession

  In any democratic society the lawyer plays an essential role in defending the rights and freedoms recognized by law. The actual accomplishment of his mission can expose the lawyer to some risks and pressures exerted by the same judicial authorities called to ensure compliance with the law. The current article aims to analyse the possible implications of prosecuting charges against a lawyer for facts that represent nothing but concrete ways to perform some legal activities. The limits within which such accusations can be formulated, the potential consequences of the criminal judicial activity from the perspective of the basis of the accusations brought and the possible forms of protection available to the lawyer will be considered.

• European and Canadian Provisions on Keeping Contact Between the Person Deprived of his Liberty and his Family, Differences and Similarities

  Every democratic society seeks to create a stable environment for its members, trying to identify the needs of citizens, in all aspects, creating legal norms to ensure the proper functioning of society as a whole is one of the needs. The family as an institution, but also as a form of people's approach, requires maintaining a balance in the family relations, a desideratum pursued by both society and its members. Situations where a family member is deprived of liberty following a final court decision raise various questions about the family situation and the links between the family and the person in custody. The European states, as well as Canada, have recognized the importance of the family in the life of a person deprived of liberty by adopting rules in the field of penitentiary that contribute to the desideratum of the proper functioning of the family. But these rules also present, carefully scrutinized.

Featured documents

• Legal Basis And 'Trasversal' Interpretation Of The Ultimate Reforms Of The European Union Jurisdictional System

  The present work focuses on the analysis of the latest reform of the EU jurisprudential system which started in 2011 and has been completed on March 2018. The purpose of the analysis is to interpret the need for these reforms, the time needed, the reasons and the effectiveness they will have for...

• Financial law questions on the transfer and utilisation of real estate

  In our article we analyze the transfer and utilization of real estate from a financial point of view. After the introduction we clarify the main elements of the theme. We overview the basic concepts of the following acts: personal income tax, act on duties, and on local taxes. Then we focus on the...

• The Precautionary Principle's strong Concept in the Case law of the Constitutional Court of Hungary

  The present article focuses on the application and interpretation of the precautionary principle by the Constitutional Court of Hungary, especially concentrating on Decision 13/2018. (IX.4.) of the Constitutional Court of Hungary, in which the Constitutional Court of Hungary developed a...

• Causa and consideration - a comparative overview

  The article examines the Roman origin and historical development of "causa" as an essential requirement of the contracts, as well as its adoption in the majority of the national legislations belonging to the French legal family. Moreover, the article analyzes what has become to be known as the...

• The Rights Of A Person Deprived Of Liberty Of Maintaining Family Ties In Five European Countries

  A prisoner's life can often be a scary way of life for many people, which is why many individuals don't want to be close to people who have been imprisoned, for obvious reasons. But the reality is that those who execute prison sentences, sooner or later, are liberated from prison and re-enter en...

• General principles of law

  According to Professor Djuvara “law can be a science, and legal knowledge can also become science when, referring to a number as large as possible of acts of those covered by law, sorts and connects them by their essential characters upon legal concepts or principles which are universally valid,...

• Effect Of Labour Law Regulation On The Employment Relations Based On The Connection Between Social Rights And Labour Market

  In the world of employment, we can find several aspects that have effect on the labour market. Labour market cannot be independent from the legal regulation of employment; moreover - according to the tendencies - labour market processes basically define the role of labour law. A fundamental...

• Appropriating creative works protected by intellectual property rights

  The ownership, either public or private, is an expression for appropriating goods. Consequently, the appropriation takes the form of private (i.e. private property) and common forms (i.e. public property). The common law property defines appropriation as „a deliberate act of acquisition of...

• Eu competition law and the telecoms single market: network neutrality in the aftermath of the TSM regulation

  Since the early 1990s, a sharp increase in the Internet traffic has been experienced. Technology, once again, has proven to be able to develop faster than regulation. In this endlessly evolving scenario, operators in the technology markets, as well as end-users, often find themselves under-protected...

• Actual issues regarding the enforcement of legal standards of the deed of intimation lodged with the court of law in the romanian court proceedings

  The dynamic evolution of the new fundamental law in criminal matters triggered serious challenges in the adaptation process to the new legal realities of the Romanian legal system, as a whole. Within the seeming conclusion of the transition period given by the profound change of the criminal...