The trafficking in human beings prevention: a criminological perspective part two

• Author: Maria Cristina Giannini - Laura C. Di Filippo
• Position: Professor PhD of Criminology, Faculty of Law, University of Teramo (e-mail: mcgiannini@unite.it). - Professor PhD of Criminology, Faculty of Law, University of Teramo.
• Pages: 122-140

THE TRAFFICKING IN HUMAN BEINGS

PREVENTION: A CRIMINOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE1

PART TWO

Maria Cristina GIANNINI*

Laura C. DI FILIPPO**

Abstract

Our study aims to p rospect new criminological perspectives on trafficking in human beings

starting from the role of indicators, the econ ometric principles of cost-benefit analysis, the theory of

rationale choice, up to reach a new model about the 5 P’s strategies.

Keywords: trafficking indicators, Rational Choice, Interdisciplinary/Transnational, 5 P’s

strategy.

1. New Criminological Perspectives

on Trafficking in Human Beings

Prevention

1

a) The Role of Trafficking Indicators

according to a Dynamic Multidisciplinary

Dimension: Trafficking Indicators,

Risk/Vulnerability Factors, Risk Situation

The Trafficking in Human Beings

prevention has been always associated to a

numerous trafficking indicators specified

and identified in the operative activity and

formalized when the trafficking has already

happened, as the following by:

a.1) UNODC Human Trafficking

indicators 2014 (indicators divided in

general, children, domestic servitude, sexual

exploitation, labour exploitation, begging

and petty crime)

 Professor PhD of Criminology, Faculty of Law, University of Teramo (e-mail: mcgiannini@unite.it).

 Professor PhD of Criminology, Faculty of Law, University of Teramo.

1

Paper presented at EUCPN – EUROPEAN CRIME PREVENTION NETWORK Conference, Rome 7-8 October

2014, organized by Presidenza Italiana del Consiglio dell’Unione Europea, Dipartimento di Polizia/ Cooperazione

Internazionale del Ministero dell’Interno ed il Dipartimento di Giustizia Minorile del Ministero della Giustizia.

GENERAL INDICATORS

people who have been trafficked

may:

 believe that they must work against

their will

 be unable to leave their work

environment

 show signs that their movements are

being controlled

 feel that they cannot leave

 show fear or anxiety

 be subjected to violence or threats o f

violence against themselves or against their

family members and loved ones

 suffer injuries that appear to be the

result of an assault

 suffer injuries or impairments typical

of certain jobs or control measures

 suffer injuries that appear to be the

Maria Cristina GIANNINI, Laura C. DI FILIPPO 123

LESIJ NO. XXII, VOL. 2/2015

result of the application of control measures

 be distrustful of the authorities

 be threatened with being handed over

to the authorities

 be afraid of revealing their

immigration status

 not be in possession of their passports

or other travel or identity documents, as

those documents are being held by someone

else

 have false identity or travel documents

 be found in or connected to a type of

location likely to be used for exploiting

people

 be unfamiliar with the local language

 not know their home or work address

 allow others to speak for them when

addressed directly

 act as if they were instructed by

someone else

 be forced to work under certain

conditions

 be disciplined through punishment

 be unable to negotiate working

conditions

 receive little or no payment

 have no access to their earnings

 work excessively long hours over long

periods

 not have any days off

 live in poor or substandard

accommodations

 have no access to medical care

 have limited or no social interaction

 have limited contact with their families

or with people outside of their immediate

environment

 be unable to communicate freely with

others

 be under the perception that they are

bonded by debt

 be in a situation of dependence

 come from a place known to be a

source of human trafficking

 have had the fees for their transport to

the country of destination paid for by

facilitators, whom they must pay back b y

working or providing services in the

destination

 have acted on the basis of false

promises

 age-generally younger people of both

genders are prone to be trafficked for all

purposes

 Gender - in sexual exploitation mainly

female. in other forms of trafficking, victim

types vary according to nature of exploitation

etc.

 location of origin - developing

economies, locations in crisis or transition;

 documentation - travel or identity

documents held by others;

 last location - location associated with

exploitation of commercial trafficking

processes;

 transport - escorted travel even for

short distances;

 Circumstances of referral - referred

after recovery by no, client rescue, self-

referral, etc.

CHILDREN

children who have been trafficked

may:

 have no access to their parents or

guardians

 look intimidated and behave in a way

that does not correspond with behavior

typical of children their age

 have no friends of their own age

outside of work

 have no access to education

 have no time for playing

 live apart from other children and in

substandard accommodations

 eat apart from other members of the

“family"

 be given only leftovers to eat