Challenges of the EU administrative space: convergence of national administrations to the european administrative law

AuthorSenior Lecturer PhD Cristina Patrascu - Assistant Professor PhD George Schin
Position'Dunarea de Jos' University of Galati (Romania) - 'Dunarea de Jos' University of Galati (Romania)
Pages24-34
24 CRISTINA PĂTRAŞCU, GEORGE SCHIN
CHALLENGES OF THE EU ADMINISTRATIVE SPACE:
CONVERGENCE OF NATIONAL ADMINISTRATIONS TO THE
EUROPEAN ADMINISTRATIVE LAW
Senior Lecturer PhD Cristina PTRAŞCU
”Dunrea de Jos” University of Galaţi (Romania)
Cristina.Patrascu@yahoo.com
Assistant Professor PhD George SCHIN
”Dunrea de Jos” University of Galaţi (Romania)
George.Schin@ugal.ro
Abstract
Since their creation, back in the 1950s, the three European Communities (later known as the
European Union) have constantly evolved towards a stronger union and towards the establishment
of various common or shared ‘spaces’. Frequent references to the European space or the use of
concepts like ‘space of security and freedom’ stand as a proof of the will of the member states and the
European institutions to strengthen their cooperation. Along the same lines, the reference to the
European administrative space has become an integrant part of the European political discourse and
agenda. The progressive enlargement of the European Union has brought about the necessity to
ensure the harmonization of the national administrative law and procedure with the European
administrative law, within a common, administrative space.
The existence and characteristic features of a European administrative space form the subject of
intense debate and of a rich scientific literature. The present article intends to make its contribution
to this debate, analyzing and presenting some of the most relevant theoretical findings concerning
this topic and highlighting the challenges that both the national administrations and the European
institutions has to face in their effort at finding the right ways towards a European model of
administration.
Keywords: Public Law, European Administrative Law, European administrative space,
national administrative law, convergence.
Introduction
The notion of ‘administrative space’, which in recent scientific literature has
been mostly referred to as ‘European administrative space’, has been created
within the conceptual framework of the European governance system. The
scientific literature in the field displays a great variety of approaches to the
European Union’s institutions and the European space, with the latter viewed as
an institutionalized social space where various actors work together to create,
Law Review vol. VII, issue 2, Jul
y
-December 2017, pp. 24-34
Challenges of the EU administrative space: convergence of national... 25
implement, interpret and impose the respect for a system of rules [1]. In this
context, the notion of ‘European administrative space’ refers to a particular set of
aspects of the phenomenon of regional integration and is used to describe the
administrative dimension of the construction of the European governance.
From a historical perspective, even if it was not formally inscribed in the
founding treaties, the concept of ‘European administrative space’ originates back
in the 1950’s, when the first communities were created and the first three original
treaties of Paris and Rome were signed, with the fundamental aim of creating an
economic and political system of governance. This original system of integration
which has known ever since a continuous growth and deepening of the
cooperation between its members, is considered to be still imperfect and still prone
to improvement, since it has its own political, economic and juridical institutions,
but not proper administrative ones, with the exception of some agencies and the
services of the EU Commission [2].
The subject of the present article offers the possibility for an interdisciplinary
approach because of its multidimensionality. The concept of European
administrative space invites to an integrate investigation and reflection, carried out
from different perspectives. The qualitative analysis of the most relevant scientific
literature in the field and the comparative method will be the main tools of our
research which aims to contribute to the debate about a ‘European administration
model’, the fundamental objective being to discern its main characteristics and
principles.
1 THE ‘METAPHOR’ OF SPACE IN THE EUROPEAN INTEGRATION
The European administration, which has become in time increasingly complex,
has often been defined by the famous metaphor of ‘space’ [3]. As a result, the use
of the concept of ‘European administrative space’ is more and more frequent, and
researchers have remarked that despite its being contested by some, it has
nevertheless gained its own ‘right’ to be inscribed on the list of EU specific
terminology.
The analysis of its meaning by comparison with other syntagmas, reveals the
fact that the term ‘space’ has been used in the field of social sciences to refer to a
certain category of relationships which are specific to a certain social domain, in
the sense that they determine and are determined by that particular domain. Pierre
Bourdieu, for instance, considered that the social world may be represented as a
‘space’ – ‘On peut représenter le monde social sous la forme d’un espace (à
plusieurs dimesions)’ construit sur la base des principes de différenciation ou
distribution/ ‘The social world can be represented as a space (with several
dimensions) constructed on the basis of principles of differentiation or distribution
constituted by the set of properties active within the social universe in question’
[4]. In his turn, Christian Jacob defines space as ‘a set of mental, discursive,
26 CRISTINA PĂTRAŞCU, GEORGE SCHIN
technical and social procedures which enable groups and individuals to make
sense of their surrounding world’ (in the original: ‘ensemble de procédures
mentales, discursives, techniques et sociales, par lesquelles… les groupes et les
individus … donnent sens au monde qui les entoure’) [5]. Another innovative view
of space is presented by Martina Löw who defines it as a relational concept. ‘Space’
as a relational notion is shaped by the interconnection of material, social and
symbolic dimensions and is constructed in the interaction between objects, but also
between structures and actions [6].
These symbolic aspects of the term can be certainly attributed to the European
space where the construction of the communities and the elaboration of the
European law, including its administrative branch, have taken place along several
stages. Certainly, the concept has been used on various occasions and it is
considered as ‘a common metaphor to describe integration phenomena’ in the
European context’ [3]. For instance, space can be found within discursive
constructions such as, ‘European Constitutional space’, ‘European judicial space’
(‘l’espace judidiciare Européen’) or ‘area of freedom, security and justice’ which in
French is translated as ’veritable espace de liberté, de sécurité et de justice’. It is
interesting to note how the English term ‘area’ is rendered in French by the term
‘espace’ – space. Analysing the expressions in which the word ‘space’ appears, we
retain that the ‘European Constitutional space’ refers to the sphere of shared
constitutional values between the EU and the member states. The notion of
‘European judicial space’ was first introduced by Valèry Giscard d’Estaing, in the
1970’s and became rapidly very popular [7]. The other construction is included in
the Lisbon Treaty, in Article 3: ‘The Union shall offer its citizens an area of
freedom, security and justice, without internal frontiers’.
The concept of European administrative space, as it is known today, is used to
describe, first of all, the European administration which in the beginning was
organized at two levels: the European level and the national level of the member
states. At the level of the Communities, the law was enforced by the Commission,
whereas at the national level, the states were responsible of their own
administrative law and procedures, according to the principle of the ‘procedural
autonomy’ [8]. This type of administration was called ‘mixed’ or ‘shared’
administration and was described as ‘direct’ when was performed by the
European institutions and ‘indirect’ when was performed by the national states [8].
This relatively simple organization will become in time more complex, due to the
two facets of the integration process, namely its enlargement and its deepening.
The enlargement of the Communities and the European Union, subsequently,
meant the increase of the number of the member states with the accession of new
countries. The deepening of the integration process has been realized by the
adoption of various treaties which constantly consolidated the European
institutional framework and extended the area of communitarian intervention,
translated as a constant addition of new competences to the European Union.
Challenges of the EU administrative space: convergence of national... 27
As a consequence, the evolution of a European administrative space appears
inseparably related to the principle of deepening the EU integration because the
consolidation of the integration principles and the ever-growing union between
the member states has also taken place in the administrative field. Moreover, the
constant progress of the integration has brought about the development of forms
of mixed administration or co-administration within the shared European space, a
fact which engendered the multiplication of the relationships between the
administrations [9]. It is thus understood that the concept of space is closely related
to the creation of durable relationships between the national administrations which
are required to implement the EU law. These ‘functional interactions’ are
associated with ‘material interactions’ between the member states and this
determines an agreement of the norms that are applied to their administrations [9].
It is also important to note that the general principle that stays at the basis of the
cooperation between the states, and which holds valid in the administrative area as
well, is the principle of ‘loyal cooperation’. According to this principle the states
are bound by the general rule that their relationships do not endanger the
objectives of the European construction. The loyal cooperation means also the
obligation of the states to an active cooperation between their national
administrations which are called to implement the EU law [9]. This active
cooperation is mentioned by newer rules introduced in the reformulated Art.4 of
the Treaty on the EU (TEU, also Maastricht Treaty). In this sense, the national
authorities, especially the administrative ones, have to ensure the respect and
implementation of the EU juridical order. The obligation of cooperation is further
consolidated by the newer ways of implementation of the EU law which besides
the decentralized execution, introduced other forms of co-administration. The
multiplication of co-administration modalities highlights the principle of
cooperation between the administrative authorities at various levels of the
administration [9].
One can observe that in parallel with the deepening of the integration, new
forms of cooperation in the administrative domain have been established and
some of them have even been institutionalized. Such is the case of the agencies
which have made possible a sustainable and permanent cooperation between the
EU administration and the national administrations [9]. These agencies have been
set up in the field of joint competencies where the member states continue to have
the right of application of the EU law. Furthermore, new forms of cooperation
between national administrations and the EU have been proposed and introduced
by the Council and the Parliament
The relationships between the national administrations represent a
fundamental factor in the creation and organization of a European administrative
space, consolidating its structure. Another very important factor remains the closer
cooperation between the states which triggers a third one, namely the convergence
28 CRISTINA PĂTRAŞCU, GEORGE SCHIN
of the norms that are applicable to the national administrations in order to ensure
unity and harmony in their relationships.
2 THE PRINCIPLE OF ‘ADMINISTRATIVE CONVERGENCE’
The reference to a ‘European administrative space’ is considered to be a
constitutive part of the integration programme and one of its fundamental
principles is the ‘administrative convergence’ viewed as an objective to be met by
the national states within the European framework. The factors that ensure this
convergence are specific to the European administrative space and can be
identified from the analysis of such documents as the Sigma Papers (1999) which
was among the first documents that officially defined the ‘European administrative
space’ and its principles. One of the main features of the administrative space
established by this report is represented by the ‘shared mandatory standards of
administration’ as defined by the European Court of Justice. These standards are
considered to have a ‘harmonising potential’ which is not translated into practice
by the existence of ‘administrative institutions’ that should be ‘homogenously’ set
up across the EU member states’. This statement has to be simply interpreted in the
sense that ‘national public administrations must recognize principles and adhere to
standards that are shared by EU member states’. According to the report, the ‘EU
administrative space’ is set up by the ‘institutional arrangements, processes,
common administrative standards and civil service values’ which appear as the
definitory factors for a common administrative space. Another expression
formulated by the Sigma Papers in relation with the administrative space is the
‘Europeanization of national administrative law’ which may be considered another
expression of the desired administrative convergence.
In its general acceptance, the term ‘administrative convergence’ designates the
reduction of disparities and differences between the national administrative
systems: ‘different administrations develop along the same path in a way that
produces homogeneity and coherence among formerly distinct administrations’
[10]. Interpreted in the sense established by the Sigma Papers, the ‘homogeneity’
and ‘coherence’ have to be understood as relative, and not as an ideal path or
model of administration, since the states are required to make efforts to adopt and
apply common standards and not impossibly to attain ones.
In fact, the European space is characterized by a great variety of features that
may stimulate or hinder the development of a consolidated integration.
Convergence is thus broadly understood in terms of a concordance between EU
law and principles and national juridical orders. The European administrative
space includes a set of common standards which are defined by law and applied
through procedures and accountability mechanisms. The administrative
convergence is a result that has to be attained within the interaction between
national political-administrative systems which are sometimes quite different, due
Challenges of the EU administrative space: convergence of national... 29
to their different historic tradition and evolution of public administration and
economic development. It results that the European administrative space is not
based on the principle of ‘unification’ or of the implementation of ‘identical
national standards for administrative organisations and procedures’, but on the
principle of ‘harmonisation of the administrative bodies’ [11]. The standards or
values that have to be respected and followed by public actors at the national level
of their public administrations, and which are determined by their belonging to the
administrative space, are the following: provision of legitimate legislation, rightful
actions, open and transparent execution of power, accountability, which have to be
backed up by a wise and efficient use of resources and responsible professional
behaviour that ensures the accomplishment of the proposed objectives [11].
In practice, it has been observed that the evolution of the European
administrative space has been rather ‘inconsistent’ and ‘fluid’, in both Eastern and
Western European countries, with a greater number of difficulties in the Eastern
ones [12], caused, mainly, by the numerous challenges they had to face in their
transition from centralized political-administrative systems to democratic ones.
Nevertheless, the integration of the member states into the administrative space
has known several stages which have marked a progress and a consolidation of
their cooperation in the field of public administration. The first stage was the
implementation of shared values, followed by the stage of the institutional
cooperation and, then by juridical harmonisation, which led to a last or current
stage of multilevel governance [12]. Specialists in the field sustain that the
emergence of the administrative space may be broadly analysed as a process with
two complex phases, which was initially defined by the convergence of
administrative systems, and then by a further evolution which engenders the
‘development of new institutional constellations and configurations’ [13].
These stages of evolution have also led the integration to a new level,
characterised by ‘more integrated law making and implementation processes’ in
various policy areas, regardless of the territorial criterion that limited the exercise
of public policies within strictly territorial boundaries. There has also been an
‘opening-up’ of the political-administrative systems of the member states, both
‘vertically’ and ‘horizontally’. Vertically this opening means that the countries have
already assimilated the principle of the application of the EU law within the
member states, whereas, horizontally, the states have admitted a ‘de-territorial
application of legal acts of other member states’, that is beyond the territorial
borders [14].
The most significant effect of the settlement of a European administrative
space is the spreading of shared standards and ‘best practices’ and the
development of the ‘capacity building processes at all governance levels’ [11]. The
fundamental principles promoted within this shared administrative space and
applied by the national administrations have led to a greater convergence of
30 CRISTINA PĂTRAŞCU, GEORGE SCHIN
traditional models and institutions of public administration and of the
administrative law, as well.
3 THE EAST-CENTRAL EUROPEAN COUNTRIES AND THE
ADMINISTRATIVE CONVERGENCE
The East-Central European countries form a group whose history and tradition
in public administration had a strong impact on their journey towards the EU
membership. The scientific literature in the field highlights the close connection
between the construction and settlement of the European administrative space and
the accession of these countries to the EU, stating that the idea of a European
administrative space began to take shape with their application for membership
back in the 1990s [15]. One of the conditions that the would-be member states had
to fulfil had been that they should have a sufficiently developed administrative
capacity in order to implement the acquis. The emergent common set of rules and
standards by which the administrations of these countries were brought into
alignment with the European administrative law and practices has been referred to
ever since as the European administrative space.
Looking at the documents that had a decisive influence on the establishment of
criteria that contributed to the settlement of a European administrative space
towards which the East-Central European Countries had to evolve, scholars
mention the papers elaborated by SIGMA and their guiding role, the Copenhagen
criteria of 1993 (establishing the conditions of eligibility of a country for the EU
accession), the Madrid Treaty (which introduces the requirement for adaptation of
judicial and administrative structures so as to be capable to transpose the EU law
and apply it); the Helsinki Treaty of 1999 (imposing the obligation of candidates to
assimilate the values and goals of the European Union as defined by the treaties)
[15]. All these documents set out the framework of a true administrative space that
together with an ever-growing acquis had a lasting impact on the transformation
of national administrations of the East-Central European Countries. It is
remarkable how the governments of these countries made efforts to elaborate and
implement a huge number of laws that changed the image and organization of
public administration of their countries for ever. The European administrative laws
and policies had a strong impact on the administrative styles and structures of the
candidate states determining a certain degree of ‘Europeanization of national
administrations’.
Through the elaboration of papers that constitute a true code of EU
administrative standards and principles, the SIGMA actions were targeted at the
development of indicators which can be used as tools that measure the success of
administrative reforms. In this respect, SIGMA published over fifty papers and
other documents that serve as a guiding corpus. Among the standards codified in
the SIGMA papers the most significant are those referring to: civil service
Challenges of the EU administrative space: convergence of national... 31
legislation, the content of constitutions, public internal financial control, budget
and public expenditure management, administrative procedures, policy making
and coordination, public integrity, external audit etc. [16]. Added to this process,
there have been the EU institutions’ efforts to define the main areas that require
administrative reforms, together with EU efforts concerning the codification and
supporting of ‘good European governance principles’, administrative and juridical
standards and best administrative practices. It is considered that the next step for a
further consolidation of the European administrative space was marked by the
adoption of the Charter of Fundamental Rights and the effort to prepare the first
European Law of Administrative Procedure [16]. In January 2013, the European
Parliament adopted the Resolution 2012/2024 which states that a Law of
Administrative Procedure could foster cooperation and stimulate the exchange of
best practices between national administrations and the EU administration. In June
2016, a new Resolution for an open, efficient and independent European Union
Administration was adopted and consecrated the principles of lawfulness,
non-discrimination and equal treatment, proportionality, impartiality, respect for
privacy, transparency and efficiency [17].
Considering all the progress that has been made toward a juridical
consecration of the European administrative space, it can be stated that its role in
stimulating the administrative reform in the East-Central European countries has
been a great one. It can also be stated that there have been other incentives for the
reorganization of national administrations of these states, but the process would
have been even slower without the pressure exerted by the European institutions
and processes. Nevertheless, the challenges that they had to face have been
important, given their different modes or styles of administration and the lack of
resources and sometimes uninspired strategies or laws adopted and applied. Some
of the countries in the region have been faster and more eager to adopt better and
more modern ways to improve public administration, embracing innovation to a
certain degree and becoming leaders of the administrative reform (for instance,
Slovakia, Lithuania and Latvia), whereas others have not proved consistent,
willing or powerful enough to pursue the path of modernisation. One of the most
disappointing tendencies is the formal acceptance of the Europeanisation of
administration, which may be called the ‘formalistic approach’ or ‘superficial
Europeanisation’ [16] and which manifests as a merely juridical transposition of
the acquis, and not as a profound assimilation of European standards and values.
A real assimilation of the European acquis would lead to a deeper transformation
of both administrative laws and institutions, on the one hand, and, on the other
hand, to a change of mentalities and social relations and institutions.
Another challenge is represented by the effects of corruption. The negative
effects of a lack of public integrity and of the relatively high levels of corruption
have led scholars to remark that ‘a decrease of the corruption level will lead to an
increase of the governance efficiency’ [18]. Unfortunately, Romania finds itself in
32 CRISTINA PĂTRAŞCU, GEORGE SCHIN
the latter category, and it can be said that the process of Europeanization despite its
really ‘life-changing’ contributions, could not supplant the role of the political and
administrative institutions that should have been more determined and more
willing to envision and implement a proper administrative reform. Despite the
loudly announced measures meant to transform and re-organise the
administration, the government has applied a totally unexpected set of strategies
which is (at this very moment) throwing the whole country in a crisis which
threatens the already hard-pressed economic situation and the decent citizens’
financial resources. Another concerning issue is the interminably delayed adoption
of the promised Administrative Code and Administrative Procedures Code, which
are mentioned in the Strategy for the Consolidation of Public Administration 2014-2020,
approved by the Government Decision no. 909/2014. In the current context,
Romania’s advancement on the path towards a profound change of mentalities
and reform of administration seems to meander further apart from the European
model.
4 CONCLUSIONS
The European administrative space has become a significant concept in
administrative theory and emphasizes the convergence of the national
administrations towards a European model of integrated administration. The
European administrative space entails the harmonisation of national
administrations and national administrative law, a process that takes place
vertically (towards the EU level) and horizontally (between the member states).
One of the values that is characteristic of this space is the existence of a high quality
public service that is the same or similar in all its member states. This quality has a
positive effect, maintaining the citizens’ trust that they will enjoy a better life and
equal, non-discriminatory treatment from the European authorities and national
authorities.
The main challenges to an even settlement and development of the European
administrative space are caused mainly by the following aspects:
- great variety of the administrative models and traditions specific to the
political-administrative systems of the EU member states;
- different levels of economic and social development and delays caused by
particular phenomena related to the ‘post-socialist’ phase of societies in Central
and Eastern European states;
- different experiences determined by lack of administrative capacity,
progressive but inconsistent reform, as well as different approaches and pace of the
administrative reform in the East-Central European countries;
- ‘formalistic approach’ or ‘superficial Europeanisation’ which means that
there is only a formal transposition of the acquis and not a deeper assimilation of
the European administrative standards and principles.
Challenges of the EU administrative space: convergence of national... 33
The emergence of a European administrative space has been constantly
supported by the EU, a fact that had a positive influence on the Eastern and
Central European countries and on all the member states in general. There has
been an evident progress in individual states in the field of administrative services
and procedures. Nevertheless, there is yet much to be done by many of the
national administrations, particularly with regards to the application of the
transparency and accountability principles. At the same time, the recent economic
crisis put to test the governments of the EU member states which responded
differently to this global phenomenon. Thus, the construction and application of an
integrated model of administration remains still a common goal to be attained,
hopefully in the years to come. The strongly determined countries which proved
their will to transform and adapt to the new economic and political situation are
well advanced on their way towards European standards and values of public
administration, whereas for the countries which are struggling hard to find their
way in harsh economic conditions and political instability, this desideratum seems
to be hard to fulfil.
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