Analysis of mechanisms financing of cultural sphere
| Author | Costandachi Gheorghe |
| Position | Institutul de Economie, Finance si Statistica al Academiei de Stiince din Moldova |
| Pages | 102-114 |
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The economic crisis of the ninetieths and significant (in the comparable prices and conditions) reduction of budgetary support of culture and arts activities has forced to increase volumes of provided paid services to the population (frequently to the detriment of to their quality and general availability) to obtain other off- budget sources of finance. Our analysis will concern basically state structures of culture and arts activities. Reduction of the state support of all kinds of cultural institutes became a consequence of system political and economic social crisis sharp, almost twice in comparable prices. Forced in these conditions to become on a way unjustified commercialization, culture establishments have essentially reduced service of children, rural population, an interstate and international cultural exchange. Consecutive replacement of free services paid, a prompt rise in price for tickets have led to actual infringement of constitutional laws of citizens on access to cultural values and use of culture establishments.
Therefore, in our opinion, forthcoming years the basic efforts of the state should be concentrated not to reduction of the State expenditure on culture - continuation of it threatens with already irreversible consequences - and on efficiency of use of budgetary funds and restoration at least that level of financing which was in not too safe 1990 Understanding, that only budgetary support of branch was, is and remains in the future the warranty of fulfillment by culture and art of those social problems which are put before them by any civilized state, it is necessary to understand clearly, that the system of budgetary financing of culture requires serious modernization.
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Thus, research shows that on the first place it is necessary to put necessity of sharing of the state for financing of cultural activity. Dynamics of financing of sphere of culture and art is presented to Republics Moldova in table 1. Democracy and market economy is an unconditional imperative of development of our country. Here is not present and there can be no doubts. But, going on this way, it is impossible to forget, however, as the market is imperfect. Objective comprehension of "market errors»'s phenomena has induced an economic science to admit possibility of imperious interference of the state in those particular cases, when the market generates inefficient resource exploitation. It is known that, there are such fields where are met «the market' errors», more of that, there is exception of imperious state interference which is observed hardly, but exists naturally. The culture and art concerns such spheres.
Whether means the given fact what it is necessary to refuse at all here market mechanisms? Thus, should we replace them? We would not like to come back to the set the teeth on edge alternative «the state market ». If in the most developed market countries the state redistributes more than third of gross national product, that, similar, that in this case this alternative in general is incorrect. With ours - and not only with ours - the points of view, in culture and art sphere market and state regulation symbiosis is necessary.
Cultural activity from a number of other sectors of an economic life is allocated, in particular, with that circumstance, that for the majority of the organizations of culture the economic insufficiency caused by their inability to market self- repayment and forced attachment to the state is characteristic. This insufficiency became that weak place in a public organism where pathogenic viruses are conveniently settled. They cause as «a dependence syndrome» - fall of a tone of market activity of the organizations of culture, and some kind of «a budgetary spasm», accompanied by increase of pressure of financial department with a request of reduction of the state support. Owing to genetic dependence on budgetary funds of the organization of culture for ever belong to risk group.
[ VEA LA TABLA EN EL PDF ADJUNTO ]
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1990th have been connected with not come true hopes of power structures to shift a part of budgetary burden on shoulders of a different sort of sponsors and patrons of art. It became popular in those years and it's still popular till now to allocate budget funds to projects to achieve certain results instead of existing structures. Recognizing such item absolutely unreasonable, it is not necessary to deny nevertheless necessity of reforming of the developed system of state financing of cultural activity. Thus it is necessary to remember, what efficiency of concrete reforms in very big measure is caused by answers to the general questions - what benefits of culture, for what purpose and how should support the state?
In our opinion, first, in ward the states should be the mixed and social benefits of culture having social utility. Second, support of cultural activity is carried out for the purpose satisfactions of the public interests which are not revealed market by, i.e. for the purpose realizations of a cultural policy of the state. Third, this support can be realized as in the form of direct budgetary appropriations (by means of current financing of activity of official bodies and financing of concrete projects of not state organizations), and in the form of fiscal incentives.
Culture official bodies are the organizations of the culture which founder is the state. These organizations created for fulfillment of certain cultural mission (for example, formation of library funds and information service of the population, preservation and public demonstration of museum collections, statement of products of a theatrical art and display to their spectators), constitute now a basis of branch of culture. Budgetary financing of such organizations should supply fulfillment of that cultural mission which is fixed in their constitutional instruments and consequently cannot be focused on separate projects and the programs having certain duration and the concrete contents. Another typical situation for cultural organizations which founder the state is not and consequently has before them no any budgetary obligations. In this case, on the contrary, by the most comprehensible and even, it is not excluded, unique, the project financing and a competitive order of distribution of budgetary funds are. Here it is necessary to underline, that for official bodies of culture project financing methods can be considered only as auxiliary mechanisms of distribution of budgetary funds.
In the developed conditions installation on transformation of a competitive order of distribution of budgetary funds from auxiliary in the basic financing method of cultural activity means not that other, as a request of realization scale
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institutional reforms. And the main contents of such system modernization is liquidation of the majority state both municipal authorities of culture and creation on their basis of the organizations of the culture having other legal status. Commenting on this clearly undesirable scenario of development, it is necessary to underline, that in itself system of financing of cultural activity and even quite clear aspiration to reasonable economy of budgetary funds change of a legal status of the organizations of culture cannot cause. The mission of culture and arts structures is set in favor strategic public interests, state cultural policy but not in favor of investors. Thus without delegation of necessary authorities to culture establishments by means of definition of their mission expressed in the authorized purposes to realize the cultural policy it is impossible. In this context it would be wrong to think, that the cultural policy of the state can be shown to set of projects and programs. At the heart of the given error two extreme items lay.
The first originates in the centralized economy of the recent past with its aspiration to transform managing subjects in the disciplined executors of decisions of operating body. In this case any authorities to delegate it...
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